In the encyclopedia of Law there are the full-text, integrated versions of most of the world\u00c2\u2019s constitutions.<\/p>\n
The Encyclopedia offers (in most cases, authoritative) translations of the constitutions of most countries. In some cases, complementing the official documents are introductory and comparative notes and cross references examining amendments, and highlighting pertinent historical, political, and economic factors.<\/p>\n
Country and Date:<\/p>\n
Afghanistan January 4, 2004
\nAlbania November 28, 1998
\nAlgeria 1963
\nAndorra February 2, 1993
\nAngola 1975
\nArgentina May 1, 1853
\nArmenia July 5, 1995
\nAustralia 1 January 1901
\nAustria October 1, 1920
\nAzerbaijan November 12, 1995
\nBangladesh December 16, 1972
\nBahrain 2002
\nBarbados November 30, 1966
\nBelarus March 15, 1994
\nBelgium February 7, 1831
\nBolivia February 7, 2009
\nBosnia and Herzegovina (Dayton Agreement, 1995) December 14, 1995
\nBhutan July 18, 2008
\nBrazil October 5, 1988
\nBulgaria July 12, 1991
\nBurundi March 9, 1992
\nCameroon 2008
\nCanada July 1, 1867
\nChad 1996
\nChile March 11, 1981
\nChina, People’s Republic of December 4, 1982
\nHong Kong April 4, 1990
\nMacau December 20, 1999
\nChina, Republic of (Taiwan) June 10, 2005
\nColombia 1991
\nCongo, Democratic Republic of February 18, 2006
\nCroatia December 1990
\nCuba 1976
\nCyprus 1960
\nCzech Republic December 16, 1992
\nDenmark 1849
\nDominican Republic 2010
\nEast Timor 20 May 2002
\nEcuador 2008
\nEgypt September 11, 1971
\nEstonia P\u00c3\u00b5hiseadus 1992
\nEthiopia 1987
\nFiji 1997 (abrogated 2009)
\nFinland March 1, 2000
\nFrance October 4, 1958
\nGeorgia August 24, 1995
\nGermany \u00c2\u2014 titled Grundgesetz May 8, 1949
\nGreece 1975
\nGuatemala 1985
\nGuinea-Bissau 1984
\nGuyana 1980
\nHaiti 1994
\nHungary 18 April 2011
\nHonduras 1982
\nIceland June 17, 1944
\nIndia, Republic of January 26, 1950
\nIndonesia 1945
\nIran October 24, 1979
\nIraq 15 October 2005
\nIreland December 29, 1937
\nItaly December 22, 1947
\nJapan May 3, 1947
\nKazakhstan August 30, 1995
\nKyrgyzstan June 27, 2010
\nKorea, Republic of July 17, 1948
\nKorea, Democratic People’s Republic of 2009
\nKosovo June 15, 2008
\nKuwait 1961
\nLatvia November 7, 1922
\nLebanon May 23, 1926
\nLuxembourg 1868
\nLiberia July 3, 1985
\nLithuania October 25, 1992
\nLiechtenstein 1921
\nMacedonia 2001
\nMalaysia 1957
\nMali January 12, 1992
\nMalta 1964
\nMauritius 1968
\nMexico February 5, 1917
\nMoldova 1994
\nMonaco December 17, 1962
\nMongolia January 13, 1992
\nMontenegro October 19, 2007
\nNauru January 31, 1968
\nNetherlands \u00c2\u2014 titled Grondwet 1815
\nAruba \u00c2\u2014 titled Staatsregeling August 19, 1985
\nNepal 2007
\nNetherlands Antilles \u00c2\u2014 titled Staatsregeling October 10, 2010
\nNicaragua 1995
\nNiger July 18, 1999
\nNigeria May 29, 1999
\nNorway May 17, 1814
\nPakistan 1973
\nParaguay 1992
\nPalestine \u00c2\u2014 a Basic Law serves for the interim period May 28, 1964
\nPeru December 31, 1993
\nPhilippines February 2, 1987
\nPoland April 2, 1997
\nPortugal April 25, 1976
\nRomania November 21, 1991
\nRussia December 12, 1993
\nRwanda May 26, 2003
\nSan Marino October 8, 1600
\nSerbia October 28\u00c2\u201329, 2006
\nSingapore 1965
\nSlovakia September 1, 1992
\nSlovenia December 23, 1991
\nSomalia 2004
\nSouth Africa February 4, 1997
\nSouth Sudan July 9, 2011
\nSpain 1978
\nSri Lanka September 7, 1978
\nSudan 1998
\nSuriname 1987
\nSweden 1974
\nSwitzerland April 18, 1999
\nSyria 1973
\nThailand 2007
\nTonga November 4, 1875
\nTunisia April 26, 1861
\nTurkey November 7, 1982
\nTurkmenistan May 18, 1992
\nUkraine June 28, 1996
\nUnited States of America June 21, 1788
\nUruguay 1997
\nVanuatu 1980
\nVatican City 2000
\nVenezuela 1999
\nVietnam April 15, 1992 <\/p>\n
Author: international<\/b><\/p>\n<\/p>\nConstitutional Classification<\/h2>\n
1 Constitutional Justice
\n1.1 Constitutional jurisdiction
\n1.1.1 Statute and organisation
\n1.1.1.1 Sources
\n1.1.1.1.1 Constitution
\n1.1.1.1.2 Institutional Acts
\n1.1.1.1.3 Other legislation
\n1.1.1.1.4 Rule issued by the executive
\n1.1.1.1.5 Rule adopted by the Court
\n1.1.1.2 Independence
\n1.1.1.2.1 Statutory independence
\n1.1.1.2.2 Administrative independence\t \t<\/p>\n
1.1.1.2.3 Financial independence\t<\/p>\n
1.1.2 Composition, recruitment and structure\t<\/p>\n
1.1.2.1 Necessary qualifications<\/p>\n
1.1.2.2 Number of members\t<\/p>\n
1.1.2.3 Appointing authority\t<\/p>\n
1.1.2.4 Appointment of members<\/p>\n
1.1.2.5 Appointment of the President<\/p>\n
1.1.2.6 Functions of the President \/ Vice-President\t<\/p>\n
1.1.2.7 Subdivision into chambers or sections\t<\/p>\n
1.1.2.8 Relative position of members<\/p>\n
1.1.2.9 Persons responsible for preparing cases for hearing<\/p>\n
1.1.2.10 Staff<\/p>\n
1.1.2.10.1 Functions of the Secretary General \/ Registrar
\n1.1.2.10.2 Legal Advisers
\n1.1.3 Status of the members of the court\t<\/p>\n
1.1.3.1 Term of office of Members\t<\/p>\n
1.1.3.2 Term of office of the President\t<\/p>\n
1.1.3.3 Privileges and immunities\t<\/p>\n
1.1.3.4 Professional incompatibilities\t<\/p>\n
1.1.3.5 Disciplinary measures\t<\/p>\n
1.1.3.6 Remuneration\t \t<\/p>\n
1.1.3.7 Non-disciplinary suspension of functions
\n1.1.3.8 End of office\t<\/p>\n
1.1.3.9 Members having a particular status<\/p>\n
1.1.3.10 Status of staff<\/p>\n
1.1.4 Relations with other institutions\t<\/p>\n
1.1.4.1 Head of State<\/p>\n
1.1.4.2 Legislative bodies\t<\/p>\n
1.1.4.3 Executive bodies\t<\/p>\n
1.1.4.4 Courts\t<\/p>\n
1.2 Types of claim\t<\/p>\n
1.2.1 Claim by a public body\t<\/p>\n
1.2.1.1 Head of State\t<\/p>\n
1.2.1.2 Legislative bodies\t<\/p>\n
1.2.1.3 Executive bodies\t<\/p>\n
1.2.1.4 Organs of federated or regional authorities\t<\/p>\n
1.2.1.5 Organs of sectoral decentralisation\t<\/p>\n
1.2.1.6 Local self-government body\t<\/p>\n
1.2.1.7 Public Prosecutor or Attorney<\/a> -General\t<\/p>\n 1.2.1.8 Ombudsman\t<\/p>\n 1.2.1.9 Member states of the European Union 1.2.1.11 Religious authorities\t<\/p>\n 1.2.2 Claim by a private body or individual\t<\/p>\n 1.2.2.1 Natural person\t<\/p>\n 1.2.2.2 Non-profit-making corporate body\t<\/p>\n 1.2.2.3 Profit-making corporate body\t<\/p>\n 1.2.2.4 Political parties\t<\/p>\n 1.2.2.5 Trade unions\t<\/p>\n 1.2.3 Referral by a court<\/p>\n 1.2.4 Initiation ex officio by the body of constitutional jurisdiction\t<\/p>\n 1.2.5 Obligatory review<\/p>\n 1.3 Jurisdiction\t<\/p>\n 1.3.1 Scope of review\t<\/p>\n 1.3.1.1 Extension<\/p>\n 1.3.2 Type of review\t<\/p>\n 1.3.2.1 Preliminary \/ ex post facto review\t<\/p>\n 1.3.2.2 Abstract \/ concrete review\t<\/p>\n 1.3.3 Advisory powers\t<\/p>\n 1.3.4 Types of litigation\t<\/p>\n 1.3.4.1 Litigation in respect of fundamental rights and freedoms\t<\/p>\n 1.3.4.2 Distribution of powers between State authorities<\/p>\n 1.3.4.3 Distribution of powers between central government and federal or regional entities<\/p>\n 1.3.4.4 Powers of local authorities<\/p>\n 1.3.4.5 Electoral disputes<\/p>\n 1.3.4.6 Litigation in respect of referendums and other instruments of direct democracy <\/p>\n 1.3.4.6.1 Admissibility \t<\/p>\n 1.3.4.6.2 Other litigation 1.3.4.7.1 Banning of political parties\t<\/p>\n 1.3.4.7.2 Withdrawal of civil rights\t<\/p>\n 1.3.4.7.3 Removal from parliamentary office\t<\/p>\n 1.3.4.7.4 Impeachment\t<\/p>\n 1.3.4.8 Litigation in respect of jurisdictional conflict\t<\/p>\n 1.3.4.9 Litigation in respect of the formal validity of enactments<\/p>\n 1.3.4.10 Litigation in respect of the constitutionality of enactments\t<\/p>\n 1.3.4.10.1 Limits of the legislative competence\t<\/p>\n 1.3.4.11 Litigation in respect of constitutional revision\t<\/p>\n 1.3.4.12 Conflict of <\/p>\n 1.3.4.13 Universally binding interpretation of \t<\/p>\n 1.3.4.14 Distribution of powers between the EU and member states\t<\/p>\n 1.3.4.15 Distribution of powers between institutions of the EU\t<\/p>\n 1.3.5 The subject of review\t<\/p>\n 1.3.5.1 International Treaties<\/a> \t<\/p>\n 1.3.5.2 Community law\t<\/p>\n 1.3.5.2.1 Primary legislation\t<\/p>\n 1.3.5.2.2 Secondary legislation\t<\/p>\n 1.3.5.3 Constitution<\/p>\n 1.3.5.4 Quasi-constitutional legislation<\/p>\n 1.3.5.5 and other rules having the force of law\t<\/p>\n 1.3.5.5.1 and other rules in force before the entry into force of the Constitution\t<\/p>\n 1.3.5.6 Decrees of the Head of State\t<\/p>\n 1.3.5.7 Quasi-legislative regulations\t<\/p>\n 1.3.5.8 Rules issued by federal or regional entities\t<\/p>\n 1.3.5.9 Parliamentary rules\t<\/p>\n 1.3.5.10 Rules issued by the executive\t<\/p>\n 1.3.5.11 Acts issued by decentralised bodies\t<\/p>\n 1.3.5.11.1 Territorial decentralisation<\/p>\n 1.3.5.11.2 Sectoral decentralisation<\/p>\n 1.3.5.12 Court decisions\t<\/p>\n 1.3.5.13 Administrative acts\t<\/p>\n 1.3.5.14 Government acts<\/p>\n 1.3.5.15 Failure to act or to pass legislation<\/p>\n 1.4 Procedure\t<\/p>\n 1.4.1 General characteristics<\/p>\n 1.4.2 Summary procedure\t<\/p>\n 1.4.3 Time-limits for instituting proceedings\t<\/p>\n 1.4.3.1 Ordinary time-limit\t<\/p>\n 1.4.3.2 Special time-limits\t<\/p>\n 1.4.3.3 Leave to appeal out of time\t<\/p>\n 1.4.4 Exhaustion of remedies\t<\/p>\n 1.4.5 Originating document\t<\/p>\n 1.4.5.1 Decision to act<\/p>\n 1.4.5.2 Signature\t<\/p>\n 1.4.5.3 Formal requirements\t<\/p>\n 1.4.5.4 Annexes\t<\/p>\n 1.4.5.5 Service\t \t \t<\/p>\n 1.4.6 Grounds\t<\/p>\n 1.4.6.1 Time-limits\t<\/p>\n 1.4.6.2 Form\t<\/p>\n 1.4.6.3 Ex-officio grounds\t<\/p>\n 1.4.7 Documents lodged by the parties<\/p>\n 1.4.7.1 Time-limits\t<\/p>\n 1.4.7.2 Decision to lodge the document\t<\/p>\n 1.4.7.3 Signature\t<\/p>\n 1.4.7.4 Formal requirements\t<\/p>\n 1.4.7.5 Annexes\t \t \t<\/p>\n 1.4.7.6 Service\t \t \t<\/p>\n 1.4.8 Preparation of the case for trial\t<\/p>\n 1.4.8.1 Registration\t<\/p>\n 1.4.8.2 Notifications and publication\t<\/p>\n 1.4.8.3 Time-limits\t<\/p>\n 1.4.8.4 Preliminary proceedings\t<\/p>\n 1.4.8.5 Opinions\t \t \t<\/p>\n 1.4.8.6 Reports\t<\/p>\n 1.4.8.7 Evidence\t<\/p>\n 1.4.8.7.1 Inquiries into the facts by the Court\t<\/p>\n 1.4.8.8 Decision that preparation is complete\t<\/p>\n 1.4.9 Parties\t<\/p>\n 1.4.9.1 Locus standi<\/p>\n 1.4.9.2 Interest\t<\/p>\n 1.4.9.3 Representation\t<\/p>\n 1.4.9.3.1 The Bar\t<\/p>\n 1.4.9.3.2 Legal representation other than the Bar\t \t \t<\/p>\n 1.4.9.3.3 Representation by persons other than lawyers or jurists\t<\/p>\n 1.4.9.4 Persons or entities authorised to intervene in proceedings\t<\/p>\n 1.4.10 Interlocutory proceedings\t<\/p>\n 1.4.10.1 Intervention\t<\/p>\n 1.4.10.2 Plea of forgery\t \t \t<\/p>\n 1.4.10.3 Resumption of proceedings after interruption\t<\/p>\n 1.4.10.4 Discontinuance of proceedings<\/p>\n 1.4.10.5 Joinder of similar cases\t<\/p>\n 1.4.10.6 Challenging of a judge\t<\/p>\n 1.4.10.6.1 Automatic disqualification\t<\/p>\n 1.4.10.6.2 Challenge at the instance of a party\t<\/p>\n 1.4.10.7 Request for a preliminary ruling by the Court of Justice of the EU 1.4.11.1 Composition of the bench\t<\/p>\n 1.4.11.2 Procedure\t<\/p>\n 1.4.11.3 In public \/ in camera\t \t<\/p>\n 1.4.11.4 Report\t \t<\/p>\n 1.4.11.5 Opinion\t \t<\/p>\n 1.4.11.6 Address by the parties\t<\/p>\n 1.4.12 Special procedures\t<\/p>\n 1.4.13 Re-opening of hearing\t<\/p>\n 1.4.14 Costs<\/p>\n 1.4.14.1 Waiver of court fees\t \t<\/p>\n 1.4.14.2 Legal aid or assistance 1.5 Decisions\t<\/p>\n 1.5.1 Deliberation\t<\/p>\n 1.5.1.1 Composition of the bench\t<\/p>\n 1.5.1.2 Chair\t<\/p>\n 1.5.1.3 Procedure\t<\/p>\n 1.5.1.3.1 Quorum\t<\/p>\n 1.5.1.3.2 Vote\t<\/p>\n 1.5.2 Reasoning\t<\/p>\n 1.5.3 Form\t<\/p>\n 1.5.4 Types\t<\/p>\n 1.5.4.1 Procedural decisions\t<\/p>\n 1.5.4.2 Opinion\t<\/p>\n 1.5.4.3 Finding of constitutionality or unconstitutionality<\/p>\n 1.5.4.4 Annulment\t<\/p>\n 1.5.4.4.1 Consequential annulment\t<\/p>\n 1.5.4.5 Suspension\t<\/p>\n 1.5.4.6 Modification\t<\/p>\n 1.5.4.7 Interim measures\t<\/p>\n 1.5.5 Individual opinions of members\t<\/p>\n 1.5.5.1 Concurring opinions\t<\/p>\n 1.5.5.2 Dissenting opinions\t<\/p>\n 1.5.6 Delivery and publication\t<\/p>\n 1.5.6.1 Delivery\t<\/p>\n 1.5.6.2 Time limit\t<\/p>\n 1.5.6.3 Publication\t<\/p>\n 1.5.6.3.1 Publication in the official journal\/gazette\t<\/p>\n 1.5.6.3.2 Publication in an official collection\t<\/p>\n 1.5.6.3.3 Private publication\t<\/p>\n 1.5.6.4 Press\t<\/p>\n 1.6 Effects\t<\/p>\n 1.6.1 Scope\t<\/p>\n 1.6.2 Determination of effects by the court\t<\/p>\n 1.6.3 Effect erga omnes\t<\/p>\n 1.6.3.1 Stare decisis\t<\/p>\n 1.6.4 Effect inter partes\t<\/p>\n 1.6.5 Temporal effect\t<\/p>\n 1.6.5.1 Entry into force of decision\t<\/p>\n 1.6.5.2 Retrospective effect (ex tunc)\t<\/p>\n 1.6.5.3 Limitation on retrospective effect\t<\/p>\n 1.6.5.4 Ex nunc effect\t<\/p>\n 1.6.5.5 Postponement of temporal effect\t<\/p>\n 1.6.6 Execution\t<\/p>\n 1.6.6.1 Body responsible for supervising execution\t<\/p>\n 1.6.6.2 Penalty payment\t<\/p>\n 1.6.7 Influence on State organs\t<\/p>\n 1.6.8 Influence on everyday life\t<\/p>\n 1.6.9 Consequences for other cases\t<\/p>\n 1.6.9.1 Ongoing cases\t<\/p>\n 1.6.9.2 Decided cases\t<\/p>\n 2 Sources\t<\/p>\n 2.1 Categories<\/p>\n 2.1.1 Written rules\t<\/p>\n 2.1.1.1 National rules\t<\/p>\n 2.1.1.1.1 Constitution\t<\/p>\n 2.1.1.1.2 Quasi-constitutional enactments<\/p>\n 2.1.1.2 National rules from other countries\t<\/p>\n 2.1.1.3 Community law\t<\/p>\n 2.1.1.4 International instruments\t<\/p>\n 2.1.1.4.1 United Nations Charter of 1945\t<\/p>\n 2.1.1.4.2 Universal Declaration of Human Rights<\/a> of 1948\t<\/p>\n 2.1.1.4.3 Geneva Conventions<\/a> of 1949\t<\/p>\n 2.1.1.4.4 European Convention on Human Rights<\/a> of 1950<\/p>\n 2.1.1.4.5 Geneva Convention on the Status of Refugees<\/a> of 1951\t<\/p>\n 2.1.1.4.6 European Social Charter of 1961\t<\/p>\n 2.1.1.4.7 International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination<\/a> of 1965\t<\/p>\n 2.1.1.4.8 International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights<\/a> of 1966\t<\/p>\n 2.1.1.4.9 International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights<\/a> of 1966\t<\/p>\n 2.1.1.4.10 Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties<\/a> of 1969\t<\/p>\n 2.1.1.4.11 American Convention on Human Rights<\/a> of 1969\t<\/p>\n 2.1.1.4.12 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women<\/a> of 1979\t<\/p>\n 2.1.1.4.13 African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights of 1981\t<\/p>\n 2.1.1.4.14 European Charter of Local Self-Government of 1985\t<\/p>\n 2.1.1.4.15 Convention on the Rights of the Child<\/a> of 1989\t<\/p>\n 2.1.1.4.16 Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities of 1995\t<\/p>\n 2.1.1.4.17 Statute of the International Criminal Court<\/a> of 1998\t<\/p>\n 2.1.1.4.18 Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union of 2000\t<\/p>\n 2.1.1.4.19 International conventions regulating Diplomatic and Consular Relations<\/a> \t<\/p>\n 2.1.2 Unwritten rules\t<\/p>\n 2.1.2.1 Constitutional custom\t<\/p>\n 2.1.2.2 General principles of law\t<\/p>\n 2.1.2.3 Natural law\t<\/p>\n 2.1.3 Case-law\t<\/p>\n 2.1.3.1 Domestic case-law\t<\/p>\n 2.1.3.2 International case-law\t<\/p>\n 2.1.3.2.1 European Court of Human Rights\t<\/p>\n 2.1.3.2.2 Court of Justice of the European Communities\t<\/p>\n 2.1.3.2.3 Other international bodies\t<\/p>\n 2.1.3.3 Foreign case-law\t<\/p>\n 2.2 Hierarchy\t<\/p>\n 2.2.1 Hierarchy as between national and non-national sources\t<\/p>\n 2.2.1.1 Treaties<\/a> and Constitutions<\/a> \t<\/p>\n 2.2.1.2 Treaties and legislative acts\t<\/p>\n 2.2.1.3 Treaties and other domestic legal instruments\t<\/p>\n 2.2.1.4 European Convention on Human Rights<\/a> and Constitutions<\/a> \t<\/p>\n 2.2.1.5 European Convention on Human Rights and non-constitutional domestic legal instruments\t<\/p>\n 2.2.1.6 Community law and domestic law\t<\/p>\n 2.2.1.6.1 Primary Community legislation and constitutions\t<\/p>\n 2.2.1.6.2 Primary Community legislation and domestic nonconstitutional legal instruments\t<\/p>\n 2.2.1.6.3 Secondary Community legislation and constitutions\t<\/p>\n 2.2.1.6.4 Secondary Community legislation and domestic nonconstitutional instruments\t<\/p>\n 2.2.2 Hierarchy as between national sources\t<\/p>\n 2.2.2.1 Hierarchy emerging from the Constitution\t<\/p>\n 2.2.2.1.1 Hierarchy attributed to rights and freedoms\t<\/p>\n 2.2.2.2 The Constitution and other sources of domestic law\t<\/p>\n 2.2.3 Hierarchy between sources of Community law\t<\/p>\n 2.3 Techniques of review\t<\/p>\n 2.3.1 Concept of manifest error in assessing evidence or exercising discretion\t<\/p>\n 2.3.2 Concept of constitutionality dependent on a specified interpretation<\/p>\n 2.3.3 Intention of the author of the enactment under review\t<\/p>\n 2.3.4 Interpretation by analogy\t<\/p>\n 2.3.5 Logical interpretation\t<\/p>\n 2.3.6 Historical interpretation\t<\/p>\n 2.3.7 Literal interpretation\t<\/p>\n 2.3.8 Systematic interpretation\t<\/p>\n 2.3.9 Teleological interpretation\t<\/p>\n 2.3.10 Contextual interpretation\t<\/p>\n 2.3.11 Pro homine\/most favourable interpretation to the individual 3.1 Sovereignty\t<\/p>\n 3.2 Republic\/Monarchy\t<\/p>\n 3.3 Democracy\t<\/p>\n 3.3.1 Representative democracy\t<\/p>\n 3.3.2 Direct democracy\t<\/p>\n 3.3.3 Pluralist democracy<\/p>\n 3.4 Separation of powers\t<\/p>\n 3.5 Social State<\/p>\n 3.6 Structure of the State <\/p>\n 3.6.1 Unitary State\t<\/p>\n 3.6.2 Regional State\t<\/p>\n 3.6.3 Federal State\t<\/p>\n 3.7 Relations between the State and bodies of a religious or ideological nature<\/p>\n 3.8 Territorial principles\t<\/p>\n 3.8.1 Indivisibility of the territory\t<\/p>\n 3.9 Rule of law<\/a> \t<\/p>\n 3.10 Certainty of the law<\/p>\n 3.11 Vested and\/or acquired rights\t<\/p>\n 3.12 Clarity and precision of legal provisions\t<\/p>\n 3.13 Legality<\/p>\n 3.14 Nullum crimen, nulla poena sine lege<\/p>\n 3.15 Publication of \t<\/p>\n 3.15.1 Ignorance of the law is no excuse\t<\/p>\n 3.15.2 Linguistic aspects\t<\/p>\n 3.16 Proportionality\t<\/p>\n 3.17 Weighing of interests\t<\/p>\n 3.18 General interest<\/p>\n 3.19 Margin of appreciation\t<\/p>\n 3.20 Reasonableness\t<\/p>\n 3.21 Equality<\/p>\n 3.22 Prohibition of arbitrariness\t<\/p>\n 3.23 Equity\t<\/p>\n 3.24 Loyalty to the State<\/p>\n 3.25 Market economy<\/p>\n 3.26 Principles of EU law\t<\/p>\n 3.26.1 Fundamental principles of the Common Market\t<\/p>\n 3.26.2 Direct effect<\/p>\n 3.26.3 Genuine co-operation between the institutions and the member states\t<\/p>\n 4 Institutions\t<\/p>\n 4.1 Constituent assembly or equivalent body<\/p>\n 4.1.1 Procedure\t<\/p>\n 4.1.2 Limitations on powers\t<\/p>\n 4.2 State Symbols\t<\/p>\n 4.2.1 Flag\t<\/p>\n 4.2.2 National holiday\t<\/p>\n 4.2.3 National anthem\t<\/p>\n 4.2.4 National emblem\t<\/p>\n 4.2.5 Motto\t \t<\/p>\n 4.2.6 Capital city\t \t<\/p>\n 4.3 Languages\t<\/p>\n 4.3.1 Official language(s)\t<\/p>\n 4.3.2 National language(s)\t<\/p>\n 4.3.3 Regional language(s)\t<\/p>\n 4.3.4 Minority language(s)\t<\/p>\n 4.4 Head of State\t<\/p>\n 4.4.1 Vice-President \/ Regent\t<\/p>\n 4.4.2 Temporary replacement\t<\/p>\n 4.4.3 Powers\t<\/p>\n 4.4.3.1 Relations with legislative bodies<\/p>\n 4.4.3.2 Relations with the executive bodies<\/p>\n 4.4.3.3 Relations with judicial bodies<\/p>\n 4.4.3.4 Promulgation of \t<\/p>\n 4.4.3.5 International relations\t<\/p>\n 4.4.3.6 Powers with respect to the armed forces\t<\/p>\n 4.4.3.7 Mediating powers\t \t<\/p>\n 4.4.4 Appointment\t<\/p>\n 4.4.4.1 Necessary qualifications\t<\/p>\n 4.4.4.2 Incompatibilities\t<\/p>\n 4.4.4.3 Direct\/indirect election\t<\/p>\n 4.4.4.4 Hereditary succession\t \t<\/p>\n 4.4.5 Term of office\t<\/p>\n 4.4.5.1 Commencement of office\t<\/p>\n 4.4.5.2 Duration of office\t<\/p>\n 4.4.5.3 Incapacity\t<\/p>\n 4.4.5.4 End of office\t<\/p>\n 4.4.5.5 Limit on number of successive terms\t<\/p>\n 4.4.6 Status\t<\/p>\n 4.4.6.1 Liability\t<\/p>\n 4.4.6.1.1 Legal liability\t<\/p>\n 4.4.6.1.1.1 Immunity \t<\/p>\n 4.4.6.1.1.2 Civil liability \t<\/p>\n 4.4.6.1.1.3 Criminal liability \t<\/p>\n 4.4.6.1.2 Political responsibility\t<\/p>\n 4.5 Legislative bodies<\/p>\n 4.5.1 Structure<\/p>\n 4.5.2 Powers<\/p>\n 4.5.2.1 Competences with respect to international agreements\t<\/p>\n 4.5.2.2 Powers of enquiry<\/p>\n 4.5.2.3 Delegation to another legislative body<\/p>\n 4.5.2.4 Negative incompetence<\/p>\n 4.5.3 Composition\t<\/p>\n 4.5.3.1 Election of members\t<\/p>\n 4.5.3.2 Appointment of members\t<\/p>\n 4.5.3.3 Term of office of the legislative body\t<\/p>\n 4.5.3.3.1 Duration\t<\/p>\n 4.5.3.4 Term of office of members\t<\/p>\n 4.5.3.4.1 Characteristics<\/p>\n 4.5.3.4.2 Duration\t<\/p>\n 4.5.3.4.3 End\t<\/p>\n 4.5.4 Organisation\t<\/p>\n 4.5.4.1 Rules of procedure\t<\/p>\n 4.5.4.2 President\/Speaker\t<\/p>\n 4.5.4.3 Sessions<\/p>\n 4.5.4.4 Committees<\/p>\n 4.5.4.5 Parliamentary groups 4.5.6 Law-making procedure<\/p>\n 4.5.6.1 Right to initiate legislation\t<\/p>\n 4.5.6.2 Quorum\t<\/p>\n 4.5.6.3 Majority required\t<\/p>\n 4.5.6.4 Right of amendment\t<\/p>\n 4.5.6.5 Relations between houses\t<\/p>\n 4.5.7 Relations with the executive bodies\t<\/p>\n 4.5.7.1 Questions to the government\t<\/p>\n 4.5.7.2 Questions of confidence\t<\/p>\n 4.5.7.3 Motion of censure\t<\/p>\n 4.5.8 Relations with judicial bodies\t<\/p>\n 4.5.9 Liability\t<\/p>\n 4.5.10 Political parties\t<\/p>\n 4.5.10.1 Creation\t<\/p>\n 4.5.10.2 Financing\t<\/p>\n 4.5.10.3 Role\t<\/p>\n 4.5.10.4 Prohibition\t<\/p>\n 4.5.11 Status of members of legislative bodies<\/p>\n 4.6 Executive bodies<\/p>\n 4.6.1 Hierarchy\t<\/p>\n 4.6.2 Powers\t<\/p>\n 4.6.3 Application of \t<\/p>\n 4.6.3.1 Autonomous rule-making powers<\/p>\n 4.6.3.2 Delegated rule-making powers\t<\/p>\n 4.6.4 Composition\t<\/p>\n 4.6.4.1 Appointment of members\t<\/p>\n 4.6.4.2 Election of members\t<\/p>\n 4.6.4.3 End of office of members\t<\/p>\n 4.6.4.4 Status of members of executive bodies\t<\/p>\n 4.6.5 Organisation\t<\/p>\n 4.6.6 Relations with judicial bodies\t<\/p>\n 4.6.7 Administrative decentralisation<\/p>\n 4.6.8 Sectoral decentralisation<\/p>\n 4.6.8.1 Universities\t<\/p>\n 4.6.9 The civil service<\/p>\n 4.6.9.1 Conditions of access\t<\/p>\n 4.6.9.2 Reasons for exclusion\t<\/p>\n 4.6.9.2.1 Lustration<\/p>\n 4.6.9.3 Remuneration\t<\/p>\n 4.6.9.4 Personal liability\t<\/p>\n 4.6.9.5 Trade union status\t<\/p>\n 4.6.10 Liability\t<\/p>\n 4.6.10.1 Legal liability\t<\/p>\n 4.6.10.1.1 Immunity\t<\/p>\n 4.6.10.1.2 Civil liability\t<\/p>\n 4.6.10.1.3 Criminal liability\t<\/p>\n 4.6.10.2 Political responsibility\t<\/p>\n 4.7 Judicial bodies<\/p>\n 4.7.1 Jurisdiction\t<\/p>\n 4.7.1.1 Exclusive jurisdiction\t<\/p>\n 4.7.1.2 Universal jurisdiction\t<\/p>\n 4.7.1.3 Conflicts of jurisdiction<\/p>\n 4.7.2 Procedure\t<\/p>\n 4.7.3 Decisions\t<\/p>\n 4.7.4 Organisation\t<\/p>\n 4.7.4.1 Members\t<\/p>\n 4.7.4.1.1 Qualifications\t<\/p>\n 4.7.4.1.2 Appointment\t<\/p>\n 4.7.4.1.3 Election\t<\/p>\n 4.7.4.1.4 Term of office\t<\/p>\n 4.7.4.1.5 End of office\t<\/p>\n 4.7.4.1.6 Status\t<\/p>\n 4.7.4.1.6.1 Incompatibilities \t<\/p>\n 4.7.4.1.6.2 Discipline \t<\/p>\n 4.7.4.1.6.3 Irremovability \t<\/p>\n 4.7.4.2 Officers of the court\t<\/p>\n 4.7.4.3 Prosecutors \/ State counsel<\/p>\n 4.7.4.3.1 Powers\t<\/p>\n 4.7.4.3.2 Appointment\t<\/p>\n 4.7.4.3.3 Election\t<\/p>\n 4.7.4.3.4 Term of office\t<\/p>\n 4.7.4.3.5 End of office\t<\/p>\n 4.7.4.3.6 Status\t<\/p>\n 4.7.4.4 Languages\t<\/p>\n 4.7.4.5 Registry\t<\/p>\n 4.7.4.6 Budget\t<\/p>\n 4.7.5 Supreme Judicial Council or equivalent body<\/p>\n 4.7.6 Relations with bodies of international jurisdiction\t<\/p>\n 4.7.7 Supreme court\t<\/p>\n 4.7.8 Ordinary courts\t<\/p>\n 4.7.8.1 Civil courts\t<\/p>\n 4.7.8.2 Criminal courts\t<\/p>\n 4.7.9 Administrative courts\t<\/p>\n 4.7.10 Financial courts<\/p>\n 4.7.11 Military courts\t<\/p>\n 4.7.12 Special courts\t<\/p>\n 4.7.13 Other courts\t<\/p>\n 4.7.14 Arbitration\t<\/p>\n 4.7.15 Legal assistance and representation of parties\t<\/p>\n 4.7.15.1 The Bar\t<\/p>\n 4.7.15.1.1 Organisation\t<\/p>\n 4.7.15.1.2 Powers of ruling bodies\t<\/p>\n 4.7.15.1.3 Role of members of the Bar\t<\/p>\n 4.7.15.1.4 Status of members of the Bar\t<\/p>\n 4.7.15.1.5 Discipline\t<\/p>\n 4.7.15.2 Assistance other than by the Bar\t<\/p>\n 4.7.15.2.1 Legal advisers\t<\/p>\n 4.7.15.2.2 Legal assistance bodies\t<\/p>\n 4.7.16 Liability\t<\/p>\n 4.7.16.1 Liability of the State\t<\/p>\n 4.7.16.2 Liability of judges\t<\/p>\n 4.8 Federalism, regionalism and local self-government\t<\/p>\n 4.8.1 Federal entities<\/p>\n 4.8.2 Regions and provinces\t<\/p>\n 4.8.3 Municipalities<\/p>\n 4.8.4 Basic principles\t<\/p>\n 4.8.4.1 Autonomy\t<\/p>\n 4.8.4.2 Subsidiarity\t<\/p>\n 4.8.5 Definition of geographical boundaries\t<\/p>\n 4.8.6 Institutional aspects\t<\/p>\n 4.8.6.1 Deliberative assembly\t<\/p>\n 4.8.6.1.1 Status of members\t<\/p>\n 4.8.6.2 Executive\t<\/p>\n 4.8.6.3 Courts\t<\/p>\n 4.8.7 Budgetary and financial aspects\t<\/p>\n 4.8.7.1 Finance\t<\/p>\n 4.8.7.2 Arrangements for distributing the financial resources of the State\t<\/p>\n 4.8.7.3 Budget\t<\/p>\n 4.8.7.4 Mutual support arrangements\t<\/p>\n 4.8.8 Distribution of powers\t<\/p>\n 4.8.8.1 Principles and methods\t<\/p>\n 4.8.8.2 Implementation\t<\/p>\n 4.8.8.2.1 Distribution ratione materiae\t<\/p>\n 4.8.8.2.2 Distribution ratione loci\t<\/p>\n 4.8.8.2.3 Distribution ratione temporis\t<\/p>\n 4.8.8.2.4 Distribution ratione personae\t<\/p>\n 4.8.8.3 Supervision\t<\/p>\n 4.8.8.4 Co-operation\t<\/p>\n 4.8.8.5 International relations\t<\/p>\n 4.8.8.5.1 Conclusion of treaties\t<\/p>\n 4.8.8.5.2 Participation in international organisations or their organs\t<\/p>\n 4.9 Elections and instruments of direct democracy<\/p>\n 4.9.1 Competent body for the organisation and control of voting<\/p>\n 4.9.2 Referenda and other instruments of direct democracy<\/p>\n 4.9.2.1 Admissibility<\/p>\n 4.9.2.2 Effects\t<\/p>\n 4.9.3 Electoral system<\/p>\n 4.9.3.1 Method of voting<\/p>\n 4.9.4 Constituencies\t<\/p>\n 4.9.5 Eligibility<\/p>\n 4.9.6 Representation of minorities\t<\/p>\n 4.9.7 Preliminary procedures\t<\/p>\n 4.9.7.1 Electoral rolls\t<\/p>\n 4.9.7.2 Registration of parties and candidates<\/p>\n 4.9.7.3 Ballot papers<\/p>\n 4.9.8 Electoral campaign and campaign material<\/p>\n 4.9.8.1 Campaign financing\t<\/p>\n 4.9.8.2 Campaign expenses\t<\/p>\n 4.9.8.3 Access to media<\/p>\n 4.9.9 Voting procedures\t<\/p>\n 4.9.9.1 Polling stations\t<\/p>\n 4.9.9.2 Polling booths\t<\/p>\n 4.9.9.3 Voting<\/p>\n 4.9.9.4 Identity checks on voters\t<\/p>\n 4.9.9.5 Record of persons having voted<\/p>\n 4.9.9.6 Casting of votes<\/p>\n 4.9.10 Minimum participation rate required\t<\/p>\n 4.9.11 Determination of votes\t<\/p>\n 4.9.11.1 Counting of votes\t<\/p>\n 4.9.11.2 Electoral reports\t<\/p>\n 4.9.12 Proclamation of results\t<\/p>\n 4.9.13 Post-electoral procedures\t<\/p>\n 4.10 Public finances<\/p>\n 4.10.1 Principles\t<\/p>\n 4.10.2 Budget\t<\/p>\n 4.10.3 Accounts\t<\/p>\n 4.10.4 Currency\t<\/p>\n 4.10.5 Central bank\t<\/p>\n 4.10.6 Auditing bodies<\/p>\n 4.10.7 Taxation\t<\/p>\n 4.10.7.1 Principles\t<\/p>\n 4.10.8 Public assets<\/p>\n 4.10.8.1 Privatisation\t<\/p>\n 4.11 Armed forces, police forces and secret services\t<\/p>\n 4.11.1 Armed forces\t<\/p>\n 4.11.2 Police forces\t<\/p>\n 4.11.3 Secret services\t<\/p>\n 4.12 Ombudsman<\/p>\n 4.12.1 Appointment\t<\/p>\n 4.12.2 Guarantees of independence\t<\/p>\n 4.12.2.1 Term of office\t \t<\/p>\n 4.12.2.2 Incompatibilities\t \t<\/p>\n 4.12.2.3 Immunities\t \t<\/p>\n 4.12.2.4 Financial independence\t<\/p>\n 4.12.3 Powers\t<\/p>\n 4.12.4 Organisation\t \t<\/p>\n 4.12.5 Relations with the Head of State\t \t<\/p>\n 4.12.6 Relations with the legislature\t<\/p>\n 4.12.7 Relations with the executive\t<\/p>\n 4.12.8 Relations with auditing bodies<\/p>\n 4.12.9 Relations with judicial bodies\t<\/p>\n 4.12.10 Relations with federal or regional authorities\t<\/p>\n 4.13 Independent administrative authorities<\/p>\n 4.14 Activities and duties assigned to the State by the Constitution<\/p>\n 4.15 Exercise of public functions by private bodies\t<\/p>\n 4.16 International relations\t<\/p>\n 4.16.1 Transfer of powers to International institutions<\/a> \t<\/p>\n 4.17 European Union\t<\/p>\n 4.17.1 Institutional structure\t<\/p>\n 4.17.1.1 European Parliament\t<\/p>\n 4.17.1.2 Council\t<\/p>\n 4.17.1.3 Commission\t<\/p>\n 4.17.1.4 Court of Justice of the EU<\/p>\n 4.17.2 Distribution of powers between the EU and member states\t<\/p>\n 4.17.3 Distribution of powers between institutions of the EU\t<\/p>\n 4.17.4 Legislative procedure\t<\/p>\n 4.18 State of emergency and emergency powers<\/p>\n 5 Fundamental Rights<\/p>\n 5.1 General questions\t<\/p>\n 5.1.1 Entitlement to rights\t<\/p>\n 5.1.1.1 Nationals\t<\/p>\n 5.1.1.1.1 Nationals living abroad\t<\/p>\n 5.1.1.2 Citizens of the European Union and non-citizens with similar status\t<\/p>\n 5.1.1.3 Foreigners\t<\/p>\n
\n1.2.1.10 Institutions of the European Union\t<\/p>\n
\n1.3.4.7 Restrictive proceedings\t<\/p>\n
\n1.4.11 Hearing\t<\/p>\n
\n1.4.14.3 Party costs\t<\/p>\n
\n3 General Principles\t<\/p>\n
\n4.5.5 Finances<\/p>\n